Osteopenia

Osteopenia is often referred to as the midpoint between healthy bone density and osteoporosis. It is not classified as a disease but rather a condition that signifies a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD) below the normal range without reaching the severity of osteoporosis. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines osteopenia based on T-scores from a bone density scan, with values ranging from -1.0 to -2.5. Individuals with osteopenia have bones that are weaker than average but not yet fragile enough to be considered osteoporotic. While osteopenia itself does not necessarily lead to fractures, it serves as an early warning sign, indicating a need for increased attention to bone health.

Several factors contribute to the development of osteopenia beyond aging. Genetics plays a significant role, as family history can influence bone density. Additionally, conditions such as celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic kidney disease can impair the body’s ability to absorb essential nutrients for bone strength. Certain medications, including corticosteroids and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), have also been linked to bone loss over time. Lifestyle factors, such as inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake, excessive caffeine or sodium consumption, and lack of weight-bearing exercise, can further accelerate bone thinning. Because osteopenia often develops without noticeable symptoms, many individuals are unaware they have it until they undergo a bone density test.